Operating system

         An operating system (operating system) connects the machine and provides a simple way for users to use the hardware. Because it manages resources in time and space, programmers and users do not need to allocate resources to their applications

  •  Better performance is achieved by providing a program that uses the computer's software and hardware more effectively. With each new version of the operating system, many new features and better performance than the previous version are expected.

The operating system (OS) manages all computer software and hardware. It performs basic functions such as data, memory and process management, processes input and output, and controls devices such as disk drives and printers.

  • There are usually many different computer programs running at the same time, and they all need access to your computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage devices. The operating system manages all this to make sure each program gets what it needs.
  • Today's computers are made up of small components (processors, memory modules, and peripherals) that work very hard. A processor and a small amount of storage (back from main storage) can multi task across multiple computations to create the impression that they are being processed simultaneously and have access to large storage. 
  • Therefore, an Operating system was designed to control all the working of the hardware and complete all the task 
  • The main history of operating systems is that they have led to the discovery of new principles of resource sharing, multiprogramming and configuration.
  • An operating system is usually pre installed on every computer you buy. Most people use the operating system that came with their computer, but the original operating system can be modified or modified according to your preferences.
  • Different functions work differently. They may look different, have different definitions of efficiency, and set up different programs. 

There are many operating systems available, but the most common are Microsoft's Windows, Apple's macOS, and Linux. In the table below, we highlight some of the key differences between each system.

The Operating system usually works on the Binary language.

  • The binary nature of the numbers 1 and 0 provides a simple and elegant way for computers to work. It also provides a convenient way to check logic circuits and test true (1) and false (0) states of electrical signals.

  •  In these systems, binary numbers consist of a series of eight bits. This series is called a byte. In binary mode, the position of each number determines its decimal point. So by knowing where each bit is, you can convert a binary number to a decimal number.
  • When moving from right to left in decimal numbers (first, 10th, 100th, etc.), each additional bit is divided by 10. However, when going from right to left in binary numbers, each additional function is divided by two. The following two examples illustrate this concept.
  • The kernel is the heart of the computer operating system (OS). All other aspects of the operating system depend on the switch to provide its core services. It plays an important role in operating and hardware, helping to manage devices, networks, information systems, and process and memory management.



  • When the operating system is loaded into memory, the kernel is loaded first and remains in memory until the operating system is shut down. The kernel then allocates and manages computer resources and allows other programs to run and use these resources. The kernel also sets the memory address for the application, loads the data into memory along with the application code, and sets the execution stack for the program. The kernel is responsible for the following functions:
  • Input Output Management
  • Memory Management
  • Process Management for application execution.
  • Device Management
  • System Call Control




  • Strite D and Null L. (2002). BACI debugger. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges. 17:4. (112-122). Online publication date: 1-Mar-2002.
  • Goldweber M, Barr J, Camp T, Grahm J and Hartley S. A comparison of operating systems courseware. The proceedings of the thirtieth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education. (348-349).
  • Hershko Y, Segal D and Shachnai H. Self-tuning synchronization mechanisms in network operating systems. Proceedings of the 1999 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems. (224-225).






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